– Anteile, Anteilsverhältnisse und Verhältnisvergleiche –
Syntaxübungen
Vorbemerkung: Das im Folgenden zu findende Zeichen 🛈 kann angeklickt werden, um Antworten, Lösungsvorschläge und weiterführende Hinweise aus- und einzuklappen.
Westger. *snōk- ‘Hecht’ > mnl. snoec nnl. snoek, mnd nnd. snōk, nrip. schnuch, schnoch [o:], Pl. schnöch.
The real sound of the bear
https://xkcd.com/2381/ and what happened after.
“⟦background text:⟧ “Thank you to Gretchen McCulloch for fielding this question, and sorry that as a result the world’s foremost internet linguist has been devoured by the brown one. She will be missed.”
The history of διάλογος and argūmentum can be foreshadowed as follows. For more details see the summary in chapter 8.
Old Greek δια‑λέγ‑ω meant ‘I sort (and pick), I distinguish (and pick)’ > ‘I select’; alongside there existed an indirect-reflective middle: δια‑λέγ‑ο‑μαι ‘I sort (and pick) for me, I distinguish something for me with regard to its kind or value’ > ‘I weigh something up, deliberate on something for me (particularly on action alternatives)’ > ‘I deliberate, discuss something together with someone (particularly about action alternatives)’ > ‘I talk to someone’ > ‘I speak’.
Old Greek διά‑λογ‑ο‑ς has probably been formed in the 5th century BC as an abstract noun based on διαλέγομαι ‘I deliberate, discuss something together with someone (particularly about action alternatives)’, so that the original meaning was ‘deliberation with someone (especially considering action alternatives)’.
The Proto-Indo-European root of Latin arg‑u‑ō meant possibly ‘flash(‑like): bright / fast’. A common metaphorical shift explains the original meaning of arguō: ‘I make clear’ and hence also ‘I proof’.
Latin arg‑ū‑ment‑u‑m has probably been formed as a nomen instrumenti (not actionis or rei actae) based on arguō ‘I make clear, proof, convict’, so that the original meaning was ‘means to make something clear, to proof something: a proof’ and hence ‘means to substantiate, to justify something, to give reasons for something: a proof, a reasoning assertion’ > ‘a reasoning assertion’.
The article linked here is about traditional annotation systems and their drawbacks, which result from an emphasis on part-of-speech annotation and from other symptoms of a non-analytical, non-modular annotation system. Notably, these drawbacks affect the annotation of syntactic structures.
Die hier verlinkte Zusammenfassung wurde für einen Einführungskurs in die historische Linguistik des Deutschen geschrieben:
This is an appendix to Laryngeals and the Germanic Languages. Phonology and Morphology, see the section about the etymologies, where a selection of the most interesting cases is given.
Having the most important inflectional endings at hand may be helpful for learning some Old High German or reading Old High German texts. The attached overview of the OHG declination and conjugation fits on one page, so in the beginning it may be placed next to your OHG reading, then little by little absorbed into your memory.